The Relationship Between Structure Mentoring Programs

The issue of new graduate nurse retention remains a challenge in many healthcare facilities. More than 50% of new graduate nurses leave their first employment in less than a year (North, Johnson, Knotts & Whelan 2006). Because new recruits are often faced with a variety of stressors in their beginning practice it is clear that a structured mentoring program could be of immense value. Such a program would provide technical and emotional support to nurses and so ease their transition into the unit culture. This article provides a critical review of the literature on mentoring, especially the impact that structured mentoring programs have on the retention rates of new graduate nurses. In the first section I will explore the nature of mentorship within the nursing discipline. I will discuss the functions of a formal mentoring program and the chief characteristics of the mentor: mentee relationship. In the second section I will provide a critical review of the literature concerning the relationship between mentoring programs and increased nurse retention rates. The third section explores common pitfalls that subsume in a dysfunctional mentoring program. Finally recommendations to organisations are proposed based on the review findings. Introduction Graduating from a nursing school is a considerable achievement. New graduates eagerly anticipate their first position in the ‘real world’. The issue however of new graduate nurse retention continues to be a grave concern in many healthcare facilities. It was reported that more than 50% of new graduate nurses leave their first employment in less than a year (North, Johnson, Knotts & Whelan 2006). New recruits are often faced with a variety of stressors associated with beginning practice. It is clear therefore, that a structured mentoring program which provides technical and emotional support to new nurses may be one of the best retention strategies for nurse administrators. This article provides a critical review of the literature on mentoring, with an emphasis on the impact that structured mentoring programs have on nursing retention rates. The first section sets up mentoring concepts and processes as identified in the literature. The second section will provide a critical eview of the literature on the relationship between structured mentoring programs and the nursing retention rate. The third section explores common pitfalls that subsume in a dysfunctional mentoring program. The final section makes recommendations to organisations regarding a successful mentoring program. Significance New nurse graduates have many employment options. They can choose not to work in settings where they are not supported and often they take that option. Common themes emerging from the literature show that many new nurses lack both confidence and a sense of competence (Oermann & Garvin 2002). They are afraid of making mistakes; they complain of an unsupportive environment; and of being obliged to work with ‘difficult’ colleagues (Oermann & Garvin 2002). A lack of recognition of their work as well as difficult shift-work schedules have also been identified as sources of distress (McVicar 2003). It is a sad fact that one out of every three nurses under 30 years plans to leave during his or her first year of employment (Nelson, Godfrey & Purdy 2004). The cost of such high levels of unnecessary nurse turnover is significant (Halfer, Graf & Sullivan 2008). More significantly the resulting deficit of nursing personnel inevitably affects the quality of patient care in hospitals and can compromise patient safety (Leners, Wilson, Connor & Fenton 2006). In response to the critical issue of nursing retention, hospital managements have been urged to address the issue by developing a more congenial work environment. However, it is noticeable that mentoring initiatives are still not integrated into many healthcare organisations, despite a plethora of literature relating this with positive outcomes. Literature search Relevant studies were identified by searching the following electronic databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Ovid and ProQuest. The keywords or their combinations have been utilised in the searching process. These include: mentorship, preceptorship, new graduate nurses, personnel retention, and personnel recruitment. Other literature was identified through searching the bibliographies of studies found through electronic searches, including the World Wide Web, Google Scholar and library data systems. Inclusion criteria included discussion/ opinion papers and articles/materials written in English. There were no particular discipline restrictions and there were also no specific date restrictions. Articles that were published after 1999 were sought. The retrieved articles were reviewed and selected based on these criteria: the relationship between formal mentoring programs and personnel retention; benefits of mentoring; new graduate transition; and possible pitfalls of mentoring. Literature review What is mentoring? There is a substantial body of literature which deals with mentoring and preceptoring as discrete functions (Block, Claffey, Korow & McCaffrey 2005; Kelly 1994). To date however, the two terms continue to be used interchangeably or synonymously (Block et al. 2005). It is useful to draw some distinctions between them. Preceptorship is understood as an organised orientation program in which the nurse preceptor facilitates the integration of new staff into role responsibilities in the clinical setting for a limited period of time (Greene & Puetzer 2002). This relationship is often viewed as one-sided and patriarchal (Leners et al. 006). In contrast, mentorship is a reciprocal relationship established between two nurses â€Å"on the basis of respect and compatible personality with the common goal of guiding the nurse toward personal and professional growth† (Block et al. 2005:134). The relationship often occurs over a much longer period, depending on whether the agreed-upon goals have been achieved (Andrews & Wallis 1999). Stated simply, the features of mentorship as distinct from other supporting roles in clinical settings include a strong repertoire of helper functions, reciprocal sharing and a relatively longer duration (Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000). Characteristics of the relationship Mentorship primarily involves a mentor and a mentee in a one-to-one relationship (Latham, Hogan & Ringl 2008). This relationship is characterised by a process of enabling, cultivating, and empowering a less experienced practitioner within the work environment (Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000). In this longitudinal relationship, both mentors and mentees assume their own responsibilities and obligations in achieving either organisational or personal goals (Latham et al. 2008). In this relationship, a mentor is recognised as a wiser and more experienced practitioner, who possesses certain ‘personal’ and ‘professional’ attributes such as good interpersonal skills, self-confidence, flexibility, knowledge, and an interest in professional growth (Kane-Urrabazo 2006:193; Andrews & Wallis 1999:204; Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000). Personal attributes that have been identified as important factors to success also include good listening skills, the ability to facilitate learning and being comfortable in giving feedback (Sherrod, Roberts & Little 2008; Woodrow 1994). The literature refers to the nurse being mentored as a ‘mentee’, ‘protege’, ‘learner’, or ‘mentoree’ (Zucker, Coss, Williams, Bloodworth, Lynn, Denker & Gibbs 2006; Hunter 2002). Referred to here simply as â€Å"the mentee† she or he can be any nurse at a distinctive stage of his/her profession (Leners et al. 2006). The characteristics of a mentee that allow a functional mentorship to flourish include honesty; the capacity to take responsibility; being ready and available for feedback; following through on decisions, having a strong self-identity and a willingness to learn (Wagner & Seymour 2007; Sherrod et al. 008). Structured mentoring program Various structures of formal mentoring programs are available across institutions (Latham et al. 2008). Broadly speaking, the structure of a mentoring program contains several stages of strategic planning (Latham et al. 2008). Initially the focus is on: establishing objectives and measurable outcomes, role delineation for mentors and mentees, establishment of criteria for involvement in mentorship and the construction of a supportive system and a surveillance system of the mentor-mentee team (Latham et al. 2008). Those parties who are involved in this formal relationship are required to fulfil pre-determined aims, objectives and outcomes as identified by their respective supporting organisations (McCloughen, O'Brien & Jackson 2006). The second stage in which the program is implemented involves the selection of suitable mentors, the recruitment of mentees, (on both a voluntary or involuntary basis) and mentor preparation (Latham et al. 2008). Final stages include an evaluation through reflection and feedback by mentors and mentees, to determine whether specific objectives and measurable outcomes have been achieved (Latham et al. 008). The program duration may last one year or even longer (Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000). Structured mentoring programs and retention success In this session, several issues regarding structured mentoring program and retention success will be addressed. First, we must ask what mentoring functions are important to retention success? Second: to what extent or in what way does mentoring contribute to the retention of new graduate nurses? Each of these questions is considered in the following section. Benefits of mentoring programs Mentoring has been shown to provide a beneficial effect on a proteges’ job satisfaction levels and willingness to remain in an organisation (Fleig-Palmer 2009). One aspect of the mentoring relationship is the passing of knowledge from a more experienced staff (mentor) to a less experienced staff (protege) (Heartfield, Gibson, Chesterman & Tagg 2005). Research suggests that by the absorption via socialisation of specific skills to proteges is positively related to personal learning in the workplace (Sherrod et al. 2008). This component is akin to preceptorship which also includes skill-development (Sherrod et al. 2008) and is widely accepted as a crucial orientation to new graduate nurses. Literature has linked preceptorship to a high level of satisfaction together with successful retention (Almada, Carafoli, Flattery, French & McNamara 2004; Lee, Tzeng, Lin and Yeh 2009). Anecdotal evidence shows that new graduates after completing the preceptorship program tend to seek more support, a fact which in itself would imply a strong need for good mentoring programs. A second aspect of the mentoring relationship is the psycho-social support the mentor may provide to a mentee: support which enhances his or her sense of competence and confidence (Heartfield et al. 2005). Recent findings from a longitudinal study suggest that mentoring fosters organisational retention rates through the establishment of emotional connections between mentor and mentee, by contributing to higher level of commitment to the organisation (Beecroft, Dorey & Wenten 2007). A substantial body of literature also supports the notion that mentorship initiatives can help new recruits transiting into the unit culture (Leners et al. 006). Positive environments can be created through frequent interaction, communication and relational caring between different generations of co-workers (Latham et al. 2008). Such interactions can help new nurses transcend the generations, norms and values differences in a unit (Latham et al. 2008). It also can aid a new recruit in getting in touch with overt or covert culture within the practice environment (Morrow 2008). Ultimately, better patient outcomes can be achieved, which in turn can increase nurses’ satisfaction (Leners et al. 2006). Many studies show that individuals who were mentored report higher levels of job satisfaction (Halfer et al. 2008; Krugman, Bretschneider, Horn, Krsek, Moutafis & Smith 2006; Faron & Poeltler 2007). An abundance of research studies indicates that organisations who implement mentoring programs show a consistent decrease in turn-over rate of new nurses (Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003; Greene & Puetzer 2002; Halfer & Graf 2006; Halfer et al. 2008; Zucker et al. 2006; Persaud 2008). Similar results are also evident in other disciplines such as Medicine, Pharmacy and Academia (Cohn, Bethancourt & Simington 2009; Sambunjak, Straus & Marusic 2006). One report in particular highlights the benefits of mentoring. A study from the southern United States by Zucker and co-workers (2006) was done to determine the impact of an 18-month mentoring program on nurse retention in five hospitals. Prior to commencement of the program, participants completed a personality profile, to ensure successful pairing (Zucker et al. 2006). This program included topics such as communication and conflict resolution skills, co-operative learning and time-management (Zuker et al. 006)– all subjects which are normally not covered in conventional orientation programs. At the end of the program, both parties reported that the mentoring relationship increased their knowledge and helped them become ‘better people’ and ‘better colleagues’ (Zucker et al. 2006). Higher levels of protege satisfaction were directly translated into increased retention. In this case, the increase was 16% (Zucker et al. 2006). Given that the high turnover rate of new recruits, mentoring program yield a significance of cost-saving to healthcare system. Research methodology/measurement issues Admittedly, strict evidence for an improved retention rate is hampered by the small sample size of these programs (Hamilton, Murray, Lindholm & Myers 1989; Faron & Poelter 2007). Atkin and William (1995) argue that findings which result from such small purposive studies cannot be generalised. Despite numerous studies therefore which show that retention rates increase with the application of a mentorship program (Block et al. 2005), it is still difficult to draw a firm conclusion on the direct causal relationship between mentoring programs and the attained retention level. This is due to the limited amount of information provided with respect to evaluation tools, sample size, mentor styles as well as the lack of a comparison group in the available studies (Gagliardi, Perrier, Webster, Leslie, Bell, Levinson, Rotstein, Tourangeau, Morrison, Silver & Straus 2009; Greene & Puetzer 2002; Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003). In addition, the outcomes of these studies may be affected by: differences that exist in a mentor-mentee relationship; the program’s aim and function; and the frequency of interaction between mentor and mentee (Jacobi 1991; Beecroft et al. 2007). Lack of strong quantitative data may prevent the establishment of a positive colleration between mentoring programs and retention rates. Furthermore it can be argued that retention strategies such as mentorship (which are deemed appropriate in one hospital) may not work in another (Jacobi 1991). Atkin and William (1995) point out that the findings might only show that mentors and mentees’ experience during mentorship was relatively new to them. In spite of all critiques, no one however has doubted the overall value that mentoring programs have for mentees, mentors as well as for organisations (Block et al. 2005). The existing mentoring studies on nursing which are linked to retention rates include cross-sectional and longitudinal components (Halfer et al. 2008). In contrast, empirical studies with correlational design, contain data which are only collected for a single point of the study and are subject to a limited amount of participants (Caine 1989; Fagan & Fagan 1982). Quasi-experimental design is therefore recommended (Jacobi 1991). In such studies data is collected from a group of participants who receive mentoring programs together with another non-receiving group, at multiple points throughout the study (Jacobi 1991). Until today, it is not known how long the mentorship effect takes to emerge, in this instance, nor how long it will last (Jacobi 1991). Pure experimental research has value in determining the relationship between mentoring and retention of new graduates (Jacobi 1991) but not many current studies can afford to adopt such a strict approach to measuring the cause and effect of mentoring programs and retention rates. Pitfalls of a structured mentoring program Despite numerous of benefits gained from a mentoring relationship, the desired outcome such as retention not always achieved. Several types of problems that might occur in mentoring include:- Selection of mentors A number of authors note that inequity in the selection of mentors can be problematic to the success of a mentoring program (Greene & Puetzer 2002; Andrews & Wallis 1999). Andrews and Wallis (1999:206) state that ‘some of the nurses are not mentors by choice’, as they dare not reject their selection by the nursing manager. The mentor selection criteria have not been made clear and explicit (Andrews & Wallis 1999). Sometimes, an experienced staff nurse does not have the attributes to become a good mentor (Greene & Puetzer 2002). Indeed, selection of the mentor should be subject not to seniority but to the mentor’s â€Å"availability, interpersonal skills, clinical knowledge, and teaching experience† (Greene & Puetzer 2002:69). An optional basis may also be used (Atkin & William 1995). An inadequate mentor who lacks strong values, or good personal and professional attributes and who exhibits unwarranted behaviours can be a liability (Kane-Urrabazo 2006). Such behaviours can include negative feedback or a lack of respect towards the mentee and can result in decreased self-esteem in the new recruit (Kane-Urrabazo 2006; Woodrow 1994). These behaviours are also known as ‘joy stealing’ (Heinrich 2007, cited in Driscoll 2009:8). The consequence of this will be frustration for either or both mentor and mentee (Kane-Urrabazo 2006). Poor mentoring can drive the newly employed staff away (Kane-Urrabazo 2006; Woodrow 1994). It is therefore imperative that a formalised selection criteria for mentors should be identified. Compatibility Many proteges complain of being enmeshed in a dysfunctional relationship with their mentor (Feldman 1999). This is likely to occur if there is ‘forced matching’ when a less experienced nurse is assigned to be with a mentor pre-selected from experienced staff nurses (Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000:46). Given the closed relationship between mentor and mentee, there is a risk of this relationship becoming destructive (Woodrow 1994). Empirical studies have identified this issue (Fenske 1986). Common themes that emerge are: failure of the mentor or mentee to maintain confidentiality of private information, mentee abuse of the relationship in which the mentor’s resources are exploited for personal advantage, mentor abuse of the enthusiasm and goodwill of the mentee by making use of his/her as a personal helper or assistant (Hunter 2002). Eventually varying degrees of injurious consequences to mentor, mentee and organisation can develop if not properly monitored (Feldman 1999). The literature has identified that mentees would have better opportunities for growth if mentees were able to select the mentors (Woodrow 1994). Opposition to this suggests that matching is not as important as meeting regularly for a successful mentoring relationship (Beecroft, Santner, Lacy, Kunzman & Dorey 2006). Training for mentors Undoubtedly, a mentor is the key person in the success of a mentoring relationship. However, several studies have shown that most mentors feel deficient in their role as mentor because their training consisted of learning â€Å"on the job†, and by â€Å"watching how other people do it† (Andrews & Wallis 1999:205-206). There are some institutions providing formal mentor training to guide the mentor along (Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003). An evaluation study done by Jinks and Williams in 1994 (cited in Andrews & Wallis 1999:205) found those who undertake a formal course with exams felt significantly more able to undertake the role. A formal mentoring course commonly would examine the phases in mentorship, recognising different adult learning styles and personality traits, provide techniques in dealing with conflict and effectively help to manage the relationship with the mentee (Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003; Block et al. 00. In spite of these improvements, the majority of the course content was still perceived as inadequate by mentors’ (Andrews & Wallis 1999). Additionally, those who had left school for a significant period of time, might feel the lack of a theoretical background leading to doubts as to whether they possess sufficient preparation to be a mentor (Andrews & Wallis 1999). Woodrow (1994:813) argues that the ideal of mentorship might be undermined by ‘token mentorship’, in which mentors are unable to perform true mentor functions. Recommendation It is important for hospital managers who prepare and support nurses as mentors to develop a greater understanding of mentoring from the mentor’s perspective (Atkin & Williams 1995). Andrews and Wallis (1999:206) argue that mentors’ gain invaluable skills and satisfaction from their work but this often tends to be â€Å"intrinsic† and is internalised. Several authors believe that administrative support through financial compensation, staffing and schedule flexibility, title and leadership recognition can act as motivators for experienced staff (Greene & Puetzer 2002). Such measures would make mentors more likely to commit and sustain in this longitudinal relationship (Greene & Puetzer 2002). In addition, on-going mentor support through a mentor-support group may be helpful in maintaining the momentum (Latham et al. 2008). Latham et al. (2008) had further examined a university-hospital partnership mentoring program. The program included a component of mentor support as part of the program follow-up. It offered an opportunity for mentors to vent about the difficulties they were facing, and share the successful experiences in the mentorship. A mentor support group can clearly help management to monitor the mentorship progress and develop a strategy to tackle emerging problems (Latham et al. 2008). Conclusion It is important that healthcare organisations not continue to take the nurse retention issue lightly. The provision of an effective mentoring program structure is the appropriate response. This is essential in helping clinical entry nurses make a smooth transition into the working environment and at the same time benefit experienced nurses to achieve a higher level of professional development. Such a program can also help the organisation transcend a multitude of problems by creating a positive environment where every staff member may enjoy working. In order for an effective mentoring program to be carried out, organisations must: allocate sufficiently experienced staff to act as mentors; provide flexible staffing and scheduling; give quality training to mentors; and support the mentors through various means by title recognition, wage adjustment and support groups. In turn the program can help organisations increase retention and reduce turn-over for nurses, particularly new graduate staff. It can thus achieve better patient outcomes and increase nurse’s job satisfaction. By providing a structured mentoring program for new nurses’ career development and advancement, we can help to improve the longevity of active nursing careers and also help to alleviate the problem of current nurses’ retention.

Genetic explanations Essay

Genetic explanations for the Initiation of addictions Heritability of addictions such as alcoholism and gambling can be studied through family and twin studies. The presumptions of twin and family studies are that if family members share similar behaviours, then the degree to which the behaviours are caused by genetic factors can be examined. There are two types of twins, identical and non-identical. Identical twins are monozygotic (MZ) as they came from the same egg, and therefore share an identical set of genes. Non-identical twins are dizygotic (DZ) as they come from two different eggs that were fertilised at the same time, and as a result their genes are no more alike than any brother or sister’s. Twins can also differ in the environment that they are brought up in. Some twins may, rarely, be separated at birth and therefore have very different upbringings. If researchers are able to find MZ twins who have been raised apart (i.e. same genes but different environments) then they will be able to distinguish between the influenc e of genes and environment on a certain behaviour. If MZ twins who have been raised apart booth show the same behaviour, then the behaviour is probably genetic; but if only one of them has that behaviour then it may well be caused by the environment. The degree to which twins and family members share a behaviour is termed a concordance rate, with 1 (or 100%) being entirely genetic, and 0 (or 0%) being entirely environmental. McGue (1999) found a concordance rate of 50-60% for alcohol addiction, and Agrawal & Lynskey (2006) found a concordance rate of 45-79% for addiction to illicit drugs. This means that just over half of the factors that cause addiction to alcohol are genetic in origin, as are half to three-quarters of the factors causing addiction to illegal drugs. A problem with this conclusion, however, is that the genetic link may be for behaviour disorders rather than addiction, and these behaviour disorders may manifest as many antisocial behaviours including alcohol and drug use. The sensitivity of the dopamine system is one biological explanation for the imitation, maintenance and relapse of addictive behaviours (see below), and so it would make sense for researchers to look for genes that are responsible for causing particularly sensitive or insensitive dopamine systems. One such gene is called the DRD2 gene (or dopamine receptor density 2 gene). The DRD2 gene codes for the number of dopamine receptors available in the mesolimbic dopamine system. A person with fewer dopamine receptors is  unable to ‘feel’ the effect of dopamine as well as someone with a higher number of dopamine receptors, and so needs higher levels of dopamine to produce the same effect as a person with more dopamine receptors. People with the DRD2 A1 variant of the gene have fewer dopamine receptors, and also seem more vulnerable to addictions. Evaluation for genetic explanations of addictive behaviour Genetic inheritance may explains individual differences in addiction Genetic inheritance can, through the diathesis-stress model, explain why some people become addicted whereas others in the same environmental situation do not. The diathesis-stress model is the idea that a genetic vulnerability may manifest in the right circumstance – e.g. if a person who is susceptible to becoming addicted, due to their genetic inheritance, is suffering from some form of stress or boredom due to environmental factors, then they may partake in an addictive activity. However this is a very deterministic view of human behaviour that ignores environmental factors, as not all people with the A1 variant of the DDR2 gene become addicted even if they partake in a potentially addictive activity. Inconsistent research findings linking specific genes to addictions Noble (1998) found support for the DRD2 A1 gene being linked to alcoholism (the gene was found to be carried by 48% of severe alcoholics, 32% of less severe alcoholics, and 16% of non-alcoholic controls), but many other studies have failed to find such a link. Specific genes are linked to other disorders as well as addiction The DDR2 A1 gene is also common in people with autism and Tourettes, as well as in people with addictions. Autism and Tourettes sufferers are not pleasure seekers and do not tend to suffer from addictions, and so the link between the A1 variant of the DDR2 gene and addictions is unclear and far more complex than simply claiming that the gene causes addiction. The dopamine model of addiction Initiation of addictive behaviour: Dopamine is released in the mesolimbic dopamine system of the brain, to signal reward and pleasure. If a behaviour causes dopamine release then the brain knows to â€Å"do it again† – e.g. eating, drinking, keeping warm, having sex – these are adaptive behaviours in evolutionary terms as they help an  organism/species to survive in its environment. Unfortunately other non-adaptive behaviours (i.e. behaviours that do not necessarily aid survival) can release huge amounts of dopamine (e.g. gambling and drug taking). Certain chemicals (e.g. amphetamines, alcohol, cocaine) can directly cause huge amounts of dopamine to be released. The effect of this dopamine release is to tell the brain that the behaviour is desirable and that it should seek to DO IT AGAIN! And according to incentive sensitisation theory, desire for the rewarding substance or behaviour persists even in the absence of the substance or behaviour. Maintenance of addictive behaviour: Repeated exposure to an addictive behaviour or substance causes reduced sensitivity to the dopamine release through a process known as down regulation. This means that more of the behaviour is needed to cause the same pleasurable psychological effect in the mesolimbic dopamine system. Stopping the behaviour altogether creates a state of disequilibrium in the dopamine system, and leads to withdrawal symptoms that can only be reduced by repeating the (now learned) behaviour. This disequilibrium, an increased need for dopamine stimulation, and the unpleasant withdrawal symptoms it causes now drive behaviour so that it is no longer pleasure (positive reinforcement), but the need to reduce withdrawal symptoms (negative reinforcement) that drives the addict’s behaviour. Relapse of addictive behaviour: When an addict finally manages to stop engaging in a behaviour or taking a substance, they are at risk of relapse. According to the dopamine model, relapse can be explained by addiction causing permanent brain changes that lead to lasting memories of the substance or behaviour. Environmental reminders of the addiction (e.g. being in a pub, watching horse racing, returning to a location where drugs were taken, being under stress) can release small amounts of dopamine, which in turn lead to the addicted person desiring a greater dopamine reward that can only be obtained by re-engaging in the addictive behaviour Evaluation for the dopamine model of addiction Support for the dopamine model of addiction: Support for the dopamine model comes from many experimental studies, such as  a study into the effects of ritaline (Volkow, 2001). Volkow gave a drug called ritalin to healthy volunteers and correlate their subjective experience of the drug with the density of dopamine receptors in their mesolimbic dopamine systems. Those that reported pleasurable feelings with ritalin had fewer dopamine receptors than those that hated its effects. This supports the theory that some people are more vulnerable to the effect of dopamine-releasing drugs than others. Neurochemical explanations ignore social factors: An important point to note is that neurochemical explanations for addiction (e.g. the dopamine model) ignore social and environmental factors that may also contribute to addictive behaviour. However, they can lead to effective treatments for addictions, e.g. replacing cigarettes with nicotine patches. Implications from animal research: Grant et al (1998) found that animals that lost social status also lost dopamine receptors, and offers therefore a possible explanation for social-class based addictions (e.g smoking in lower socio-economic groups). However, animal studies may not be generalisable to human addictive behaviour. Inevitability of dopamine sensitivity leading to addiction: The dopamine model suggests that reduced dopamine sensitivity, as caused by fewer dopamine receptors, inevitably leads to addictive behaviour. However, there is likely to be a complex interaction between an individual’s specific environment and whether or not dopamine sensitivity leads to addiction. A stimulating environment may provide enough dopamine reward to protect people from addiction, whereas a dull or boring environment may not (Volkow, 2003). Neurochemical explanations are reductionist: Neurochemical explanations for addiction reduce addictive behaviour to a simple variance in the structure of the dopamine system, and so ignore social and cognitive factors that can influence addictions. However they can lead to effective treatments, so in this case it is useful to be reductionist.

Aroma Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aroma Therapy - Essay Example This discussion briefly examines the history of aroma therapy then details the benefits and potential risks. It also provides scientific evidence for its power to heal, its applications and delivery methods and describes numerous conditions that would potentially improve from aroma therapy in addition to its prevalent use. Aromatics and herbs have been used for treating a number of ailments and the preservation of food since the earliest beginnings of humankind. The Egyptians are credited with originating the method of Aromatherapy that people today would likely recognize. They were the first to record using the infusion method to extract aromatic plant oils to use for medicinal purposes. At about this same time, 2700 BC, the Chinese are known to use a form of aroma therapy. India has also used aromatherapy for centuries. Western societies knew little of aroma therapy until the 1800’s. The term aroma therapy was coined in 1937 when a scientist published the healing affects of lavender oil after he accidentally burned his hand and used the oil he was experimenting with at the time (Ancient Times, 2007). People use specific therapeutic, or essential, oils for specific needs such as a mood enhancer, to relax or for an energy boost. â€Å"Not all oils are used to calm the body. Some, such as rosemary in the bath, can be used to stimulate the body† (Urbick, 2006). Users of therapeutic oils also receive the added bonus of the inherent healing effects of aromatic oils which many do not realize is a side-benefit of the therapy. Many types of oils contain similar health-enhancing properties found in domestic cleaning agents such as anti-viral, anti-septic and anti-fungal agents. Oils are extracted from many types of plants by utilizing an assortment of methods such as cold expression, alcohol extraction or steam distillation. Therapeutic oils are usually used externally and can be used in combination, or

History of Strategy Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

History of Strategy - Literature review Example This book, even today, continues to be the strategy bible for some of the best corporate leaders, football coaches, cricket mentors etc. Contributions to strategy were from different domains – military, political, academic and practitioners as well. The word strategy is derived from â€Å"strategos† – a combination of the Latin words â€Å"stratos† meaning an Army and â€Å"agein† which meant to lead. â€Å"Strategos† was used to refer to an Army General in Athens. In 1505 AD, Nicolo Machiavelli, a politician authored a book titled â€Å"The Prince†. This book consisting of 26 chapters dealt with principles of the governance of a kingdom or a State. His strategy of taking control of country by either treating the powerful citizens very well or crushing them completely, gave rise to the Machiavillean philosophy in politics and governance. The academic origins of Strategy can be traced back to the 1960s when Drucker, Ansoff and Chandler studied the prosperity of large successful American corporations before and after the II World War and created a platform for the "Classical School of Business Strategy". Though it had its roots in the Military Strategy, this school has never been replaced by a better total view about strategy. They propounded that Direction setting or â€Å"Strategy formulation† as an important responsibility of top managers. Business practitioners such as Sloan, the President of General Motors from 1923 to 1946, designed the concept of a â€Å"Divisionalised Corporation†. Jones, the Chairman of ICI, contributed his thoughts on how to make the Board of Directors in an organisation work better. Grove, the President & CEO of Intel Corporation presented his insights as to how to run an organisation in an environment of very rapid technological advances. In 1965, Moore, the co-founder of Intel, brought out the very popular Moore’s Law. The law stated that the number of transistors / inch would double every 2 years. This law held good for about sometime but was overshadowed by the giant strides made by chip manufacturers in the technology front, in so much so that Moore himself, publicly acknowleged that technology had far outgrown the Moore’s Law. The present law suggests that the data density per chip doubles every 18 months. The evolution of the concept of Strategic Management travels back to the 1950s, when Ford and the Carnegie Corporation, sponsored research into curriculum of business schools. The major recommendation of the study was to expand business education to include a course on Business Policy which helped application of analytical techniques to businesses. By the 1970s, most of the top B-schools in the world had a course on Business Policy and the focus became wider. By the 1980s, research literature on competitive strategy had grown and the course on Business Policy began to look at the large picture of business. Hence, Business Policy was changed to Strategic Management. Johnson and Scholes (2002) defined Strategy as â€Å"direction and scope of an organisation over the long term†. It would be prudent to compare and contrast Strategic management with Operational Management. While both these concepts dealt with management per se, these two approaches are diametrically opposite. While Operational Management was routine in nature, small in scale, specific to an operation, was

Middle East Militarization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Middle East Militarization - Essay Example The whole concept of militarization in Iran brought its own doomsday. Though there has been many international arms control process and there has been numerous discussions on the weapons of mass destruction-free zones in the Middle East, the key powers in the province have seen biological, radiological, chemical, and nuclear arsenal as means of power. The same holds true for the long-range rocket systems, like missiles. Iran has been quite aggressive towards the United States since fundamental, spiritual forces overthrew the administration in 1979. Iran is primarily an Islamic Republic which has ties with the Soviet Union, from whom it purchases most of its military arsenal. However, during the 8-year Iraq-Iran war, the United States gave support to Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in order to topple the Iranian administration. And in a bizarre turn of events, the United States solicited Iran for support of Operation Desert Shield. However from the year 1987 to 1988, the U.S. warships made certain that the tankers that carried oil through the Persian Gulf had a safe passage. The U.S. forces engaged in combat with the Iranian navy and also attacked the Iranian oil sited in the Persian Gulf. The most spectacular use of the arms of mass annihilation in the Middle East took place between the years 1980-1988 during the Iran-Iraq War. Iran had an armoury of the Soviet SS-1 (Scud-B) missiles and wanted to develop their own surface-to-surface missile system. Iran had plans to purchase the Chinese M-9 missile, which has a 600-kilometer range. Iran claimed that they can manufacture their own adaptation of the SS-1. They had produced an edition of the Chinese Type 53 missile rocket, which they called the Oghab, which had a range of 40-kilometers. Iran was also building an unguided missile which they called â€Å"Iran 130†. This had a range of 130-kilometers. All these missiles are being manufactured to be custom fitted with the chemical

The Oil Industry and How It Affects Our Economy Essay

The Oil Industry and How It Affects Our Economy - Essay Example The policies and decisions made by various institutions can and in fact, changes the nation's economic performance. One of the most significant players in the economy of the United States as well as the whole world is the oil industry. As the nation and the world as a whole, are becoming more and more industrialized, we also became more dependent on oil to fuel our technologically more advanced equipments. Nowadays, the importance of the oil industry can never be overstated. Insufficiency in this resource will surely facilitate the spillover of negative externalities in the entire economy. This paper will examine the oil industry and its great role in the US economy. The first section will give a brief history of the oil industry followed by its influences in the whole economy. The paper will then examine the historical oil prices and the cause of the recent oil price hikes and their implications in the economy. Currently, it is estimated that the economy of the United States consumes 20 million barrels of oil per day. This huge consumption of oil is to support the country's highly industrialized economy especially in the production of different goods. However, the United States is not self-sufficient in oil production as 60% of its total requirement is sourced from foreign exporters. In other words, only 8.71 million barrels of the 21 million daily demand for oil is absorbed by the domestic oil industry (Some Factors 2005). From here, we can conclude that the US economy is strongly tied to its oil industry. Therefore, the movements in oil prices also have direct effects in the production and the volume of goods produced in the country. Figure 1 shows the behavior of oil prices in the world market from 1861 to 2004. Values are shown in current (green) and constant (orange) prices. Since constant prices are already deflated to illustrate consistency with the base year 1861, their values are lower than the current prices. We can see that sharp increases in prices are brought about by various events in the world economy. For example, the highest historical price of nearly $100/barrel was experienced during the 1960s as a response to the Pennsylvanian oil boom. Another is associated with the Iranian revolution in the 1980s. We see a significant drop in current oil prices started during the 1980s which is also followed by the downward trend in constant prices. However, oil prices started to mount in the late 1990s following the Asian financial crisis (Oil Prices 2005). Presently, the price of oil in the domestic market continues to skyrocket. The current price of a barrel of oil is estimated to be at 61.83. This huge oil price hike can be attributed to a lot of factors in the economy (Energy Prices 2005). First, it is an impact of the high price of crude which reached as high as $70 per barrel. This is consequent to the tight supply of crude in oil market and the high demand for it from Americans. International demand for oil is also high to support the growing economies of prospective economic giants like China. It is estimated that crude oil imports in China leaped by 30% in 2003 (Some Factors 2005). The refinery capacity of the United States has also an impact on the high prices. Currently, the country's refinery

Bomb Squad Guidelines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bomb Squad Guidelines - Research Paper Example ene include the establishment of a command, request for emergency services, identification of the hazards at the scene, identification of the witnesses and victims as well as the preservation of any physical evidence that may be considered as potential and transient. With these, it is possible to identify, collect, locate and preserve evidence which is valuable in order for it to undergo examination that makes it possible to produce information that is both useful and effective (Pyrek, 2010). Some of the topics that need to be updated in this book include the areas that are concerned with the collection and examination of debris from an explosion and bombing crime scene. In this sense, there was a need to improve the recognition of consistent evidence as well as the other procedures involved in handling. This also includes the area that is related to training where the amount of information possessed by an individual is supposed to be upgraded. The other area that needs to be upgraded in the book is concerned with the securing of the required resources. This can be done through reevaluation, being aware of the safety alert concerns and the establishment entry and exits paths to be used by personnel. All these practices and procedures are mainly concerned with the evaluation and assessment processes of the procedure (NIJ, 2014). These topics need to be updated because of the importance associated with the proper identification, examination and collection of forensic evidence that is highly relevant. In this way, it will make it possible to ensure the performance of more successful investigations. In this sense, this kind of revision will affect the community that deals with forensic science and the criminal community since it relates to the collection of evidence and preservation in the sense that it will encompass a wide range of areas that include most of the agencies involved in law enforcement, forensic laboratories, fire departments, government agencies and

Social Networking Distracting People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social Networking Distracting People - Essay Example Social network analysis examines the social structure by applying the Theory of Graphs and identifying the entities as "nodes" or "vertices" and relationships as "links" or "edges". The structure of the graph resulting is often very complex. However, the fact remains that technology plays a crucial role in such networks in the modern day and their sophisticated networks attract people and entice them to indulge in such activities. Thus, people at work or at school, and even those in places like churches get distracted by different forms of technology. Therefore, the largest form of technology distracting people today can be perceived as social networks. With photos and status updates about one’s daily thoughts and actions, these social networks are a way for people to keep up with their friends, family, and even favorite celebrities on a daily basis (Leigh, 2011). Services such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumbler, and the newly added Pinterest and instaGram are swiftly growing and t aking over the attention and time of today’s generation While social networking sites can provide a place for positive interactions, unfortunately, they have becomes a places for people to be not only distracted from more important tasks but also to cause personal and public harm to others. The first recognizable social network site, six degrees.com was launched in the year 1997 and it has had the facility of enabling its users to create profiles and list and surf their friends. Though some forms of profile sharing and social contacts existed through dating and community sites prior to the advent of social networking sites, these were not so popular or common place. Besides, they were also found to be lacking many of the features that the social networking sites presently have. AIM and ICQ buddy lists supported lists of friends, although those Friends were not visible to others. On the other hand, today these same social media and social networking sites have many

Cosmetic Surgery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cosmetic Surgery - Research Paper Example It can signify a new age of perfection-hunters, as standard-weight females cut an inch of superfluous fat out of their thighs or trench their sensation bras for bigger breasts—currently the most fashionable insidious procedure (Thompson 24-56). On the other hand, psychologists along with surgeons panic that numerous patients do not completely grasp the importance or prospective risks of these surgeries. â€Å"Individuals believe it is like departing for lunch,† claims Ane Wallace, Principal of plastic operation at Institution of higher education of California, San Diego medical structure. â€Å"Similar to any surgery, it requires to be taken critically (Neligan 44-890) One current research discovered that liposuction might thin one problem part while developing another. Young females who suction fat out of their thighs as well as lower abdomen eventually demolish their fat cells. When they ultimately put mass back on, it allocates unequally—frequently to less flattering sections such as the higher abdomen, back as well as arms (Neligan 44-890). Likewise, Wallace cautions that changing one characteristic at times takes away the emergence of others. A stomach tuck can result in thighs the thighs to become non-proportional, whereas plumped lips can create a usual sized nose unexpectedly seem obtrusive. Wallace has come across situations where Botox vaccination, which paralyzes specific facial physique, made the other functioning muscles to look extraordinarily strong and â€Å"odd.† Alarming still are the possible abnormalities. Marilyn Leiss considered she was going through an easy process to her eyes; 29 operations afterward she is still incapable of blinking. Meanwhile, a spoiled face-lift badly destroyed the nervous system of UK business lady Peny Johnson, who misplaced her commerce and became a hermit (Neligan 44-890). safe, â€Å"the results

Chinese Consumer's Perseption of B2C and C2C for E-Commerce Abstract Dissertation

Chinese Consumer's Perseption of B2C and C2C for E-Commerce Abstract - Dissertation Example The research uses both literature review and quantitative empirical research to arrive at the findings. A convenience sample of 55 customers is chosen from among the friends and acquaintances of the researcher and an online survey is employed. The results are tabulated and analysed using the literature review. It is found that customers prefer to use the C2C models over B2C models, even though they are ready to trust the B2C models more in terms of product quality, after sales service and customer care. The reason for conducting shopping using C2C sites is their low costs and larger variety of products availability. It is however expected that in the near future, due to the greater trustworthiness of the B2C sites, there may be a change in customer behaviour and shift in preference from C2C to B2C model. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research Background and Overview 1.2 Research Questions 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 1.4 Research Methods 1.5 Research Significance 1.6 Outline of Dissertation Chapters 1.7 Summary Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 B2C and C2C Models – An Overview 2.3 Overview of B2B and B2C online markets in China 2.4 Factors that impact online shopping consumer behavior 2.5 Factors that can impact on the effectiveness of an online shopping company 2.6 Comparison between Taobao and Amazon in China 2.7 Summary Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Approach 3.3 Research Methods 3.4 Research Design 3.4.1 Sample Sample Unit Sample Size Sample Selection Method 3.4.2 Data Collection Instrument: Survey Questionnaire (Appendix A) 3.4.3 Data Analysis Method 3.5 Research Validity and Reliability 3.6 Ethical Considerations 3.7 Summary Chapter 4: Research Findings and Discussions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Descriptive Statistics 4.3 Summary Chapter 5: Conclusions and Implications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Summary of Research Findings 5.3 Research Implications 5.4 Research Limitations and Scope for Future Research List of Tables Table 1: Gender of the Participants Table 2: Age of the Participants Table 3: Personal Online Shopping Behaviour Table 4: Reasons for Not Shopping Online Table 5: Customers’ Preference of Online Shopping Model Table 6: Customer’s past usage of online shopping sites Table 7: Customers’ Perception of Trust of Different Models of Shopping Websites Table 8: Factors Impacting Perception of Customers Regarding Online Shopping Sites Table 8a: Important Factors that Impact Customer Perceptions Regarding Online Shopping Websites Table 9: Factors that Negatively Impact Customers’ Perceptions Table 9a: Factors that Create Customer Dissatisfaction with Online Shopping Sites Table 10: Comparison of B2C and C2C Sites on Factors that Impact Customers’ Perceptions Table 11: Customers’ Intentions to Recommend Online Shopping Sites List of Appendices Appendix A: Research Questionnaire Appendix B: Research Responses References Chinese Consumer’s perception of B2C and C2C for E-Commerce Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research Background and Overview With the opening up of the Chinese economy and the liberalization reforms, there has also been an exponential growth in penetration of the mass media and communications technology across China (Eisingerich and Kretschmer, 2008). The modernization of the economy and the development of the Chinese cities in the recent past also brought about a change in the lifestyles of the people (Shi and Zhang, 2009). There is found to be a rapid growth in the

The Strange Case of DR. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Analysis Essay Example for Free

The Strange Case of DR. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Analysis Essay There are some things that should be kept private The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is about a person who is a famous scientist that believes the idea of each person having two different personalities, this is what is shown in the story on how the two different personalities effects Dr. Jekyll and is loved one around him. The story was published in 1888, a crucial time in the British history when the Victorian had reigned over Britain. During the Victorian time, the British Empire was the largest empire in the world it was believed that the sun never set on the empire, as it covered nearly each continent. The story reflects the Victorian society where things were completely different compared to today, people had different living standards also reputation was an important factor because it was all about individual respect and people were recognised only if they had respect. Throughout the Victorian period, many scientists established their theories and one of the main theories was the theory of evolution, which was created by the famous naturalist Charles Darwin. He came up with an idea of humans possibly could have shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees. This theory increasingly spread, however was rejected as it came in conflict with the creation of Adam and Eve which is in the bible. This era was a turning point in the British history because inventions were being introduced, industrial revolution had begun and gothic horror was rapidly being believed. The story was popular when written at the time because there were all these ideas of evolution and gothic literature which were being believed quickly and therefore caught peoples interest. It is still popular today because it is still influencing films such as batman, Spiderman all films that have this idea of dual personalities. Mr Utterson is someone who is embarrassed in discourse also he is never lighted by a smile, the first quote suggests that he does not interact as much, his conversations are short and not flowing also the fact that he does not contribute to his conversation, moreover the second quote tells us that he has never smiled however, it gives us an impression that when he smiled he was lighted. There was something that eminently human beaconed from his eye: this quote explains that there was a change in personality of Utterson, because after he drank wine at his friendly meeting he opened himself. This gives us an impression that he purposely kept his facade in a serious way and shows that he is a man of trustworthy also a man who considers his job very austerely making him look devoted. Furthermore, Mr Enfield is described as a well-known man about town this tells us that he is very sociable and attends parties and therefore is popular, another thing this suggests is that he is very informative. The descriptions above suggest that both the characters have a good reputation and are able to socialise however both of them have different ways because Utterson is austere with himself whereas Enfield is more of a jolly guy and gets on with people more, also Utterson does not find it right to open himself to everyone and has his own way. This tell us that they both differentiate from each other and do not enjoy each other company as shown in the story when they go on their Sunday walks because they said nothing and looked singularly dull the writer says this to suggest because this represents that they both looked bored from each others company as there was nothing in common, they were lacking in something making them look uninterested also Mr Utterson was finding it difficult to express himself. I chose these quotations because it tells us how their personalities had an impact on their talks. The story was published in the Victorian time, when privacy was an essential aspect because people did not find it suitable to disclose things, as it would affect their respect and reputation. It was thought of as rude to disclose secrets because it would affect reputations of others as well of themselves because people would then think about them in a negative way and everyone in the society would neglect him, so therefore in those times it was fundamental to have a good reputation so the society does not think of you in a negative way also they had to be seen by their peers, in order to maintain their upper rights in their society and so that they can be viewed as honourable and believable. It was only possible to protect your reputation if you kept away from the gossips and secrets, for that reason it was vital to keep things private even if you came to know what it was all about. Whereas, compared to today people do not even tend to care whether you have respect or not, in this e ra reputation can be bought and sold. I think this period of time depends on money not reputation. Mr Utterson is described in contradictory ways so there can be a contrast between his appearance and personality also to be able to notify the fact, that what he is from outside is not from inside. Mr Utterson is described as a person who is lean, long, dusty and dreary yet somehow loveable this creates a contrast between his personality and tells us that he is uninteresting, whereas the quotation somehow loveable suggests that even though there is all this weird looks that he possesses, there is something within him that makes him a person that you could love. In this novella it is shown that Mr Utterson has this fake facade which prevents him from expressing himself. The quotes which show this are that though he enjoyed the theatre he had not crossed one for twenty years also he is described as being backward in sentiment, the quotes clarify that Utterson purposely has this facade because as we can see he likes the theatre but has not gone in one showing that he is controlling himself from being exposed to such things that would make him get carried away, the second quote signifies that he finds it difficult to express himself in front of others. The contradictions made in his description show that, what he is from outside is completely different to what he is from inside. In this novella there is a particular incident that took place, it was about a girl who was running as hard as she was able down a cross street, where then a man collided into her and trampled over her body calmly. People gained from the incident with the girl in different ways, this included bribery of the girls family and the protection of individual reputation. The evidence that shows the bribery is that we screwed him up to hundred pounds, this suggests the girls family had to keep it a secret because they wanted to receive the big amount, this benefited Mr Hyde because it saved his reputation also Hyde had to keep it a secret because he had more to lose and would cause a scandal. The quote signed with a name I cant mention tells us that Mr Enfield had to keep it a secret as it would affect his reputation because he knew who signed the signature also he would be associated with crime of someone of a lower class. The Doctor had to keep it a secret because he had witnessed bribery and needed to keep his reputation to maintain his upper right. All people benefited in one way or another as it all came down to reputation, because if there reputation was destroyed then they would be abandoned from the society. The novella has many symbolisms that have a deep relation with privacy and secrecy. On of the symbolism, is the locked door because the lock door is a key symbol to represent preventing things letting in or out, it is a symbol to warn the person not to reveal or unveil any secrets hidden within and is better for you if it is kept as a secret. The quote which shows this is that did you remark that door? then Enfield replies It is connected in my mind added he, with a very odd story, these quotes suggest that the door is a metaphor for secrecy and is kept as a barrier and is warning you do not enter otherwise it could affect you and that is why the door emphasis that there are some things that should be kept private. Another symbolism in the story is the key which Mr Hyde owns, the key is a allegory of Hydes personality, the quotations that refer to the key are the fellow had a key; whats more he still has it. I saw him use it not a week ago, these quotes infer to the fact that, there is something about the key that is connected to Hyde and there something waiting to be disclosed or opened which then links into the door as that acts as a portal to some sort of mystery, therefore the key is the way to go inside that door. Finally, the last symbolism in the story is the house which represents ownership and a place where things can be hidden this is because in the story, the appearance of this house criticised to a great extent compared to the rest of the London. The house is described with no windows, it was bore in every feature, schoolboys had tried his knife on the mouldings, on the other hand the rest of the London is described as being florid charms also there were rows of smiling saleswome n, there were freshly painted shutters. All the quotes mentioned show the comparison between the house and the rest of the London, the quotes indicate that the house represents a place that something can be hidden inside; also it is a place where you can store your secrets without worrying that they will be discovered, and the only way through it is the door and if someone enters it would affect their reputation and this was unlikely to happen because people were so concerned about their reputation that they would not be able to risk their reputation in order to find out what secrets lie within. Overall, the three symbolisms link to each other in one way or another and they all relate to privacy and secrecy moreover they all involve peoples reputation to be at risk. In my opinion the moral of the story is a message which informs you that, you should not disclose your secrets to anyone as it can involve the danger of your reputation to be spoilt, as shown in the story people in the Victorian era were interested in gossips and secrets, however they were forbidden from discovering them since the rules were much stricter and reputation was considered a significant factor because in that era they were people which were highly reputable and were more responsible, that is why they well thought-out that reputation is harder to earn than money and for that reason people were afraid to do anything that would affect their reputation as it would result into you being dumped out of the society. On the other hand, in this period people have made money as their power and believe that it is harder to gain money than reputation, as today there is no value for reputation because money has become everything; there is no such word as secret because no one cares about other people and therefore they wish to do what they want, without any restrictions. Secret has become a joke because media is moving so fast that people know things, that are happening that shouldnt be yet they still do not stop it. In my opinion freedom has increased so much that there is no limit, each person is worried about themselves, gossips have become an entertainment for people and therefore industries use this advantage to run their businesses. In this era money is reputation. Overall the strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a story which has many key features mainly related to privacy and reputation. In this essay I have discussed many key points that relate to secrecy and those are: symbolisms in the story that are a metaphor for secrecy, the incident with the girl and how people benefitted individually by keeping it a secret, the similarities and differences of Mr Utterson and Enfield and how they prevent themselves from being exposed, how secrecy and privacy affected reputation. All the key points and the moral of the story emphasises that there are some things that should be kept private and this is shown throughout the story because everything that happened in chapter 1 is all about keeping things hidden and also reflect how privacy and reputation was considered in the Victorian era. The popularity still remains as it has a moral which is a vital feature in everyones life also is now being introduced into films that have this idea of dual perso nalities.

Rome and Han Ccot Essay Example for Free

Rome and Han Ccot Essay Rome and Han China are different in the ways how their slaves were treated. Overall, they were ultimately more similar because of the importance of trade and family. Slaves in Ancient Rome were treated very harshly. They were put in gladiator fights to the death against fellow slaves and occasionally lions for the entertainment of the community, although it was against the law for a citizen to kill another citizen’s slave. Also, 10% of the populations of Rome were slaves, which means if one died, they could be easily replaced. In contrast, only 1% of Han China’s populations were slaves. They were much more valued and thus their owners treated them better. There were two kinds- Privately Owned and State Owned. These slaves could pay for freedom, or be freed by their master or the emperor. It was against the law to kill these slaves at all. Trade in Rome was thought to be beneath the occupation of landholding, although they continue to practice trade throughout Roman history. The Senate was not allowed to participate in commerce because they were too prestigious to be affiliating with it. Similar to Han China, agriculture was a much better occupation than trade. Merchants, however wealthy, were looked down on because they looked like they could surpass social boundaries because of their riches. In Ancient Rome, loyalty to family and state was highly important. The nobles of Rome were constantly reminded to be aware of their fathers and grandfathers successes. We know this because the term pietas; meaning â€Å"dutifulness†; depicts these values. Also, we know of these the importance of family because typically at a Roman funeral, they would exhibit masks’ of their ancestors and their deeds. This regard to ancestors resembles that of Confucianism, which was highly practiced in Han China. The core of Confucianism was known as â€Å"filial piety†, meaning the respect and obedience that children owed their parents.

The Importance Of Being Ernest Character Analysis English Literature Essay

The Importance Of Being Ernest Character Analysis English Literature Essay The way Wilde characterized the characters in this play, chiefly Jack Worthing, displays these people as uptight and serious that wouldnt put a toe out of line. This initial characterization of Jack would seem to the audience a character that should belong in a drama, but Wilde added to Jack the extra quirk of being found in a handbag, and thus not knowing who his actual parents. Wilde did this first display and to ridicule the Victorian dogma stressing normalcy and their frowning upon that which, seems to display a contempt for the ordinary decencies of family lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Lady Bracknell, Act I, pg. 134). Wilde uses the circumstances of Jacks abandonment to symbolize both Jacks ambiguous social status throughout the play and to emphasize his mobility within social circles, whether that is up or down. The handbag that baby Jack is perfectly used to symbolize this ambiguity, for this bag was has all the trademarks of normalcy: Thus, this commonplace container contains a baby of uncommon origin. There is no coincidence that this ordinary handbag/baby container is discovered in a cloakroom, for these pieces of apparel can all be worn to conceal ones true form, face, or identity. The Victoria Station has prevalence to this play as well. The western trail, including the Brighton line, led to the wealthier parts of London while the eastern road led to places like Chatham and Dover, which were more impoverished. Wilde uses the fact that the baby Jack is at the intersection of these two lines to literally put him in an identity crisis. Does he come from a poor common family or a rich aristocratic one? Lady Bracknell chose to look on the negative side and judge him as common until proven noble (indecently exposing Wildes contempt for the aristocratic propriety and downright snobbishness). There is however another, more positive way to interpret his discovery at Victoria Station. Trains are all about moving people to the places where they need to be. Wilde uses Jacks presence at Victoria Station to be a comment on his social status, suggesting that he has great social mobility; that he may have success in climbing up the social ladder to a prestigious position. This is foreshadowed by the fact that hes found specifically on the Brighton line, the road that leads to the richer parts of town. And indeed the story of  Earnest  is about Jacks social advancement. In fact, Wilde reveals at the end that Jack is a true member of the aristocracy as part of the Moncrieff family, which makes him a worthy husband for another aristocrat, Gwendolen. So the scene of Jacks orphaning contains aspects, like the ordinary handbag and the cloakroom, to show that he may seem common, but with the hint of an aristocratic background, through which Wilde reveals Jacks true social identity. The most prevalent reason the characters in  The Importance of Being Earnest lie is to get out of social or familial duties, to instead do something more enjoyable. Not surprisingly, only a few characters hold honesty in high regard. However, the viewer can see how hard it is for Wildes characters to set things straight once theyve lied about them. As the situation gets increasingly complicated, Wilde must weave more complex lies for his character to get out of the tangles of their previous lies. Perhaps the most striking thing is that none of the characters ever shows true remorse or guilt about lying. The first examples of lying are the two imaginary people created by Jack and Algernon, which Wilde uses to symbolize the empty promises or deceit of the Victorian era. Not only is the character Ernest anything but earnest for the majority of the play, but he also doesnt even really exist! This makes Jacks creation of him doubly deceitful. Bunbury sounds as ridiculous and fictional a s he actually is. Both of these figments of fantasy allow Jack and Algernon to live a lie; so as to seem as if they uphold these high moral standards, while in reality are gallivanting around without suffering any repercussions. Jack takes it a bit farther since he actually impersonates his so-called good-for-nothing brother. Even when Jack and Algernon are caught in their lies, they never suffer any real punishment. That they can both kill off their imaginary alter egos or friends without much to-do, shows Victorian societys real values; the Victorian era did not value honesty, responsibility, or compassion for the under-privileged (neither Lady Bracknell or Algernon exhibit much pity for Bunbury when he dies), but only style, money, and aristocracy. It is appropriate that the nonexistent characters of Ernest and Bunbury show how shallow are the Victorians real concerns. It seems that Wildes main point in  The Importance of Being Earnest  is to criticize Victorian society by showing how shallow and hypocritical is it. What do aristocrats do all day? Sit around, drinking tea, taking shallow gossip, and even gallivanting around under false pretence. What does Lady Bracknell want to see in Jack, her future son-in-law? Money, property, stylishness, and an aristocratic name. She cares little for his character. As the play goes on and we see just how shallow everyones desires are, and we tend to laugh. Wilde does not allow his tone to get too heavy or dark. Instead, we find the characters in  The Importance of Being Ernest  amusing.

Kant’s Categorical Imperatives Essay -- Kants Moral Philosophy

In order to evaluate whether one’s actions are moral, we use many moral dilemmas. One of them is Kant’s categorical imperative. This essay presents Kant’s project of categorical imperative. Then, I will explain that rulers should appeal to Kant’s categorical imperative when making foreign policy decision. In order to support my point of view, I will give importance to the reasons of why rulers appeal to categorical imperative when making foreign policy, so I have two reasons for this. One of them is that states depend on each other in economically and politically. Thus, in order to provide this stability which means that continue to stay among other states, states should act through the principles of categorical imperative which are universally valid, good intention and never using people or other states as means to end. The second reason is that if rulers appeal to categorical imperative when making foreign policy decisions, the world can be more pe aceful. Since, wars and conflicts which are caused by bad intention, using other people or states as means for gaining advantages which are not universally valid can be hindered by categorical imperatives. Finally, I will conclude that the Kant’s categorical imperatives are still valid and necessary when rulers are making foreign policy decisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we explain briefly Kant’s categorical imperative, there are basically three principles that represent it. These are universal law, ends as a means and the importance of intention in conducting of human behaviour. Firstly, according to Kant, one’s action should be universally valid. Universal validity means that people should think behaviours and they need to judge their own behaviours or actions are morally acceptable or not. When you think of your behaviour, if you decide that everyone acts in the same way with me, then the action become universal and moral. The second principle of categorical imperative is that people must respect others and never use them for achieving some goals. Lastly, the third but the most important criterion of categorical imperative is maxim, which means intention. Moral value is determined by the intention of people, which is called general maxim. If your intention is good, then your action is moral. The consequences of your action are not important, the most important thing is your intention. For this reason, being moral in... ... a means to their ends. As a result of this kind of action, war between states is inevitable. It is because when one state can act in that way toward others then, other states also act in similar way. For this reason, their interests can be probably conflicted and chaos in world politics can arise. However, if states take into account the principles of categorical imperative, there will be probably no conflict or chaos in the world politics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, when the principles of categorical imperative are concerned, we easily realise that they depend on each other and they help us to evaluate the actions, which are moral. These principles of categorical imperative have the same goal that is being moral. For to be moral, the actions should be universal and should not have the aim of using others in order to gain advantages. If rulers conduct through the principles of categorical imperative then, it is obvious that the world would be more peaceful and fair. However, these obligations are not put into practise in today’s world politics. But, it is enough to know that categorical imperative is still valid and is necessary to apply to today’s conditions of foreign policy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Inequality for all Essay example -- Racial Relations, Bigotry, Racial

People of color have been the targets of bigotry, racial discrimination, and oppression since the arrival of the early European settlers. This is evident in the mass extermination of the Native Americans and in the kidnapping and enslavement of African’s in the 1600’s. Although slavery was abolished over 100 years ago the traumatic effects of this injustice is present in today’s society. The forefathers of America built this nation with the hands of black people and despite their contribution to this country they continue to be marginalized. Even though black people have made many strides this long-standing history of oppression has persevered throughout the generations. The deep-rooted contention of inequality and injustice has infiltrated the social fabric of American society and government as black people today experience discrimination on every level. Structured discrimination has been to blame for the many disparities that black people face in America. The m ost obvious are the disproportionate amount of minorities in the United States Criminal Justice System. Blacks make up approximately 13% of the U.S. population, and whites 67% of the U.S. population (Census, 2009); however, of the 2.2 million incarcerated, 900,000 are Black (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011). Brief History of Racism & the Mythology of White Superiority Throughout American history the ideology of racism has been ever-present. The idea of white supremacy and black inferiority was birthed from American nationalism. Ironically, the enslavements of African Americans were necessary in order to free colonial America from monarch rule. As a country founded on the philosophy of individual freedoms the enslavement of blacks’ needed to be justified. Indentur... ...covered that some neighborhoods spend more than a million dollars each year to incarcerate and return these residents, coining the phase â€Å"million dollar blocks† (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2006). To house a prisoner in 2010 it cost an average of $70.56 per day; this number is an estimated $25,754.40 per year. The average cost to attend a public 4-year college is approximately $8,000-$12,000; nearly half the amount to house a prisoner. The oppression of minorities has occurred for generations. Its practices have been made policy since 1705 with the Virginia Slave Codes. Structured inequality has infiltrated the policies that govern this nation. This is evident in the many disparities minorities face. The depth of structured inequality goes beyond changing policy. Not only does policy need to change but also people must be inundated with the message of tolerance.

Education Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"If the colored children are denied the experience in school of associating with white children, who represent ninety percent of our nation society in which these colored children must live, then the colored child’s curriculum is greatly being curtailed† (1).In the fifties and sixties the civil rights movement along with help of organization like the NAACP fought racial segregation, because blacks were not equal to their white brothers and sisters. African-Americans schools were usually undermined to white schools throughout America history. African-Americans were considered privileged if they received an education or could comprehend the reading and written language of society. Segregation of children in schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored child, who gains a sense of inferiority which later affects the colored child ability to sustain knowledge (2). In 1954, the United States Supreme Court in the Brown vs. the Board of Education ruled that racial se gregation in public schools was unconstitutional which violated the fourteenth Amendment, which granted equal protection to all citizens regardless of race. This outcome had overturned the old standard which was set in 1896 in the Plessey vs. Ferguson, which said separate but equal facilities were constitutional. The new ruling made it possible for a little third-grader named Linda Brown could attend a predominately white elementary that was just a mile away from her house, instead of walking about six miles to the rundown black elementary school. In 1955 following the United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, granted equal access and opportunity for education of minorities to be carried out ASAP. But it was not until the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that efforts final took effect to desegregate schools in the south. This act made it possible for black children in twenty-one other states could attend white public schools, if their school was not equal to there counterparts. In the years that followed the public school systems of many states where reluctantly to bus black students off to far distances, because they were trying to maintain racial proportion (O’Connor 374). The color-lines of America will never change according to W.E.D Dubois: we as Americans need not to forget our past, because we have now installed a new school plan, called choice schools throughout t... ..., and religious societies. One of the primary purposes of schools is to prepare students for the working world, and it makes no sense to prepare them with a faulty model. If the world at large is desegregated, the schools should not be segregated, either† (Watson 4). The Civil Rights Project† 5 November 2003. Home page http://www.civilrightsproject.harvard.edu/research/choice/school_choice.php www.gsu.edu/mwwwsps/news/release/segergated_schools.htm O’Connor, Karen and Sabato, Larry J. American Government: Continuity and Change 2002 Edition, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Peterson, Paul E. â€Å"School Choice: A Civil Rights Issue† Home page. 5 November 2003. http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/we/2002/peterson_0602.html â€Å"Public School Choice: Issues and Concerns for Urban Educators.† ERIC/CUE Digest No. 63. 5 November 2003. http://www.ericfacility.net/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed322275.html Ryan, Kelly. Home page. 5 November 2003. http://www.sptimes.com/News/101800/NorthPinellas/Pinellas_school_choic.shtml 5 November 2003. Tampa Bay Kids. www.tampabaykidsnet.com/pinellasschoolchoice.htm 5 November 2003. Civil Rights. http://www.watson.org/mlisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown

Appropriate Technology Essay

Emerging economies all across Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East frequently look up to the developed ones in Europe and North America. This has less to do with cultural and social values and more to do with their relative level of prosperity. As Alex Steffen (2006, pp. 18-19) asserts, the kids of Cape Town and Novosibirsk don’t want to be Americans, rather they want to be who they are but with the benefits of technological modernity and development. Many pundits wrongly presume that improving less-developed communities requires implementation of a Rostovian model of development – linear evolution from certain economic states to more sophisticated ones –   but the problem is that they have limited success in nations where there are deficits in political will, infrastructure and in some cases, resources. As the Sustainable Times (2008) notes, many of these nations are â€Å"worse off than before they began to ‘develop’.† Village Earth’s (n.d.) Appopriate Technology Sourcebook opines that the result has been the ‘modernization of poverty’ in which farmland ownership has becoming increasingly consolidated, communities have become divided and individuals must operate on the fringe of economic activity to survive. As it stands, much the success of Rostovian models of modernization and development in European and Northern American nation-states have been born from exploitation and colonialism, if not entirely unsustainable. Nonetheless, the issue of development (or lack thereof) descends to levels deeper than just material prosperity, but matters of acquiring basic amenities such as clean water, decent shelter and a reliable food supply. With the aforementioned deficits in mind, it becomes necessary to find creative ways of fulfilling these needs rather than relying on the centralized forms of development which keep developed nations from sliding into a grim meathook future. This is where appropriate technology comes in, which is quite literally technology that is appropriate to the needs of a certain community, and suited to its uniquely salient attributes. Most commonly, this means addressing the deficits that exist because of a lack of capital-intensive development particular to modern urbanity. But a more critical understanding of appropriate technology is the recognition that technology does not follow a single path. Instead it is about realizing that the uniqueness of communities has a particular bearing on what kind of technological future is best suited to their needs. As the Village Earth notes: â€Å"It is a way of thinking about technological change; recognizing that [it] can evolve along different paths toward different ends. It also [recognizes that technology embodies] cultural biases and sometimes have political and distributional effects that go beyond a strictly economic evaluation.† (Village Earth, n.d.) Appropriate technology can be divided between hard technology and soft technology. The former refers to the application of engineering, machine science, physical structures and other forms of material technology devoted towards the realization of economic goals, whilst technologies dealing with the essence of human interactions, motivational psychology and social structures fall under the category of soft technology. (Albertson & Faulkner, 1986) Environmentalists, particularly those of the bright green camp which embrace technological solutions to the concerns of the planet, are known to endorse appropriate technology because they posses many features that are relevant to issues of sustainability such as low cost implementation, maximization of limited resources and to some extent, the development of   closed-loop systems which make such low-cost efficiency possible. For the most part, this involves employing creative solutions to common problems. Take for instance the problem of water supply in sub-Saharan Africa. For the vast majority of its people, acquiring water requires distant trips to water sources that are kilometers away. One solution to this is the Roundabout PlayPump, which utilizes the energy generated by children playing on an outdoor merry-go-round to pump underground water from depths of up to 40 meters into a 2,500 liter tank at the rate of 1,400 liters per hour. Over 500 of these pumps have been installed in South Africa, where clean water is scarce, and freeing children of the time they spend hauling water during after-school hours. (Danby, 2004) Another example of creative design is the Q-DRUM, which is essentially a wheel-shaped water container. It’s a simple approach – making a heavy barrel that bruises the neck and strains the spine into a rolling wheel – that makes you wonder why they didn’t think of it before. By running a rope through the wheel’s hole, the chore of water hauling becomes much less burdensome. (Project H Design, 2007) Surprisingly enough, low cost solutions are not limited to the simplest of needs. MIT-based inventor Amy Smith has developed many low cost solutions to problems in the developing Third World. One of her inventions is a method for producing charcoal, from agricultural waste such as sugar cane bagasse, for use as a cooking fuel. Previously, Haitians harvested trees for their cooking fuel and this innovation has been used to help address deforestation in Haiti, where thousands die annually from massive flooding. (Dean, 2004) Another invention of Smith’s is a phase-change incubator. She has also developed a phase-change incubator that relies on a highly portable fuel source – essentially a cheap chemical compound shaped into marble dimensions – to maintain a temperature of 37 °C for a period of 24 hours and obviating the need for an existing power grid, a concern all too common in the most lowly developed of communities. (Kennedy, 2003)

All of the psychoanalyst Essay

Psychoanalytic Freud- psychoanalytic theory was suppose by Freud found on how the kind-hearted mind functions. He believed that there were factors international(a)(a) of the individual someones consciousness ( unconscious mind(p)(p) mind mind(p) thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, deportment and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The psychoanalytical speculation highlights the brilliance of the unconscious psychogenic processes and peasanthood tuition issues as they hit to infantile impulses, juvenile wishes, juvenile desires and the dread of reality.The psychoanalytic system is also ground on the nous that a mortals character is formed end-to-end the tikehood years, that squirtren go through real stages at definite points of their peasanthood and depending on how well the pip-squeak copes with each of these stages, their full-grown individualality pass oning be affected. This influences ongoing practise as Freuds observations into the affiliation between our unconscious actions and our mind be still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- psychoanalytic theory was theorise by Freud found on how the gentlemans gentleman mind functions. He believed that there were factors out-of-door of the individual someones sentiency (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, demeanour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future.The psychoanalytical possibleness highlights the immenseness of the unconscious amiable processes and tiddlerhood maturement issues as they tinct to young impulses, baby birdlike wishes, juvenile desires and the anguish of reality.The psychoanalytical theory is also ground on the topic that a psyches genius is formed passim the babehood years, that peasantren go through incumbent stages at plastered points of their peasanthood and depending on how well the kidski n copes with each of these stages, their large reputation get out be affected. This influences legitimate practise as Freuds observations into the yoke between our unconscious actions and our mind ar still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- psychoanalytic theory was hypothesise by Freud ground on how the valet de chambre mind functions. He believed that there were factors outback(a) of the individual psyches sensory faculty (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, demeanor and actions, and thattheir past experiences, and their future. The psychoanalytic surmisal highlights the sizeableness of the unconscious psychical processes and kidhood exploitation issues as they advert to juvenile impulses, adolescent wishes, juvenile desires and the fear of reality.The psychoanalytical scheme is also base on the estimate that a soulfulnesss reputation is formed end-to-end the squirthood years, that children go through sure stages at real points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their heavy(p) soulfulnessality ordain be affected. This influences period practise as Freuds observations into the middleman between our unconscious actions and our mind atomic number 18 still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- psychoanalytical theory was hypothesize by Freud ground on how the kind-hearted mind functions. He believed that there were factors extracurricular of the individual psyches sentiency (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, demeanour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The psychoanalytical guess highlights the richness of the unconscious intellectual processes and childhood discipline issues as they furbish up to boyish impulses, girlish wishes, juvenile desires and the misgiving of reality.The psychoanalytic possibility is also ground on the th eme that a mortals character is formed passim the childhood years, that children go through original stages at accepted(prenominal) points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their big(a) temperament ordain be affected. This influences menstruation practise as Freuds observations into the inter tinct between our unconscious actions and our mind argon still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- psychoanalytic theory was theorize by Freud ground on how the man being mind functions. He believed that there were factors removed of the individual individuals sentience (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, conduct and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The psychoanalytic conjecture highlights the splendor of the unconscious intellectual processes and childhood suppuration issues as they strike to puerile impulses, childish wishes, juvenile des ires and the perplexity of reality.The psychoanalytical supposition is also ground on the base that a souls constitution is formed passim thechildhood years, that children go through original stages at authorized points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their freehanded psycheality go out be affected. This influences catamenia practise as Freuds observations into the bear on between our unconscious actions and our mind argon still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- psychoanalytic theory was formulate by Freud establish on how the gentlemans gentleman mind functions. He believed that there were factors external of the individual individuals sensation (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, demeanour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The psychoanalytical possibility highlights the richness of the unconscious noetic processes and chil dhood learning issues as they tinge to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the perplexity of reality.The psychoanalytical possible action is also ground on the intellection that a soulfulnesss constitution is formed end-to-end the childhood years, that children go through authoritative(p) stages at definite points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their magnanimous soulality result be affected. This influences received practise as Freuds observations into the merge between our unconscious actions and our mind argon still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- psychoanalytic theory was develop by Freud ground on how the mankind mind functions. He believed that there were factors immaterial of the individual individuals ken (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, doings and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The psychoa nalytic possibility highlights the splendour of the unconscious kind processes and childhood using issues as they tinct to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the foreboding of reality.The psychoanalytic Theory is also ground on the mind that a psyches disposition is formed end-to-end the childhood years, that children go through sure stages at accredited points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their gravid disposition allow be affected. This influences original practise as Freuds observations into the bring together between our unconscious actions and our mind ar still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- psychoanalytical theory was theorise by Freud found on how the tender-hearted mind functions. He believed that there were factors outdoors of the individual mortals sense (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, conduct and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The psychoanalytic Theory highlights the sizeableness of the unconscious genial processes and childhood victimisation issues as they push to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the dread of reality.The psychoanalytical Theory is also ground on the subject that a souls temperament is formed passim the childhood years, that children go through trustworthy stages at sure(a) points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their giving soulality exit be affected. This influences menstruation practise as Freuds observations into the liaison between our unconscious actions and our mind be still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- psychoanalytical theory was conjecture by Freud found on how the pitying race mind functions. He believed that there were factors extraneous of the individual someones sentiency (unconscious thoughts, feelings and ex periences) that influence their emotions, doings and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The psychoanalytic Theory highlights the brilliance of the unconscious psychological processes and childhood ontogeny issues as they yoke to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the foreboding of reality.The psychoanalytical Theory is also found on the psyche that a someones reputation is formed passim the childhood years, that children go through legitimate stages at legitimate points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their bounteous personality go forth be affected. This influences incumbent practise as Freuds observations into the unify between our unconscious actions and our mind be still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was theorise by Freud base on how the sympathetic beings mind functions. He believed that there were factors exterior( a) of the individual persons cognizance (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, doings and actions, and thattheir past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the impressiveness of the unconscious rational processes and childhood growing issues as they reach to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the fear of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also ground on the thought process that a persons personality is formed end-to-end the childhood years, that children go through reliable(a) stages at genuine points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their mature personality exit be affected. This influences flow rate practise as Freuds observations into the conjoin between our unconscious actions and our mind atomic number 18 still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was hypothesize by Freud base o n how the clement mind functions. He believed that there were factors impertinent of the individual persons ken (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, deportment and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the enormousness of the unconscious psychic processes and childhood training issues as they unite to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the fretfulness of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also found on the vagary that a persons personality is formed end-to-end the childhood years, that children go through sure stages at veritable points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their vainglorious personality lead be affected. This influences on-line(prenominal) practise as Freuds observations into the consort between our unconscious actions and our mind argon still seen as beneficial.Psychoa nalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was develop by Freud base on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons sentience (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, doings and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the impressiveness of the unconscious genial processes and childhood emergence issues as they adjoin to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the trouble of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also ground on the desire that a persons personality is formed end-to-end thechildhood years, that children go through received stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their gravid personality will be affected. This influences original practise as Freuds observations into the tangency between our unconscious actions and ou r mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was conjecture by Freud establish on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons sentiency (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, deportment and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the richness of the unconscious rational processes and childhood growth issues as they affiliate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the concern of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also ground on the motif that a persons personality is formed passim the childhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their bounteous personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the co lligate between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was develop by Freud found on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons sentiency (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the care of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout the childhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their heavy(a) personality will be affected. This influences current practise as F reuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout the childhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influence s current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout the childhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be a ffected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and thattheir past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout the childhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout the childhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of th ese stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout thechildhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout the childhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and dependin g on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout the childhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout the childhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout the childhood years, that children go thr ough certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and thattheir past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout the childhood years , that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed through out the childhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons person ality is formed throughout thechildhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.Psychoanalytic Freud- Psychoanalytical theory was formulated by Freud based on how the human mind functions. He believed that there were factors outside of the individual persons awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence their emotions, behaviour and actions, and that their past experiences, and their future. The Psychoanalytical Theory highlights the importance of the unconscious mental processes and childhood development issues as they relate to childish impulses, childish wishes, juvenile desires and the anxiety of reality.The Psychoanalytical Theory is also based on the idea that a persons personality is formed throughout the childhood years, that children go through certain stages at certain points of their childhood and depending on how well the child copes with each of these stages, their adult personality will be affected. This influences current practise as Freuds observations into the link between our unconscious actions and our mind are still seen as beneficial.